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Colorado is inching closer to becoming the 22nd state to repeal the death penalty. The bill has advanced through Colorado’s Senate and is now sitting with the House. The measure is expected to receive support from both the House and Governor Jared Polis. The bill would overturn a 1974 popular vote in Colorado which reinstated the death penalty.

Scott Phillips, a professor in the department of sociology and criminology, researches capital punishment and contributes to the enduring questions about whether the death penalty is constitutional and just. Phillips also testified last month before the Colorado Senate Judicial Committee on this issue. He took a moment to share his thoughts about the possibility of the death penalty being repealed in Colorado.

Nationally, the number of states that have abolished the death penalty now stands at 21. What is the main reason for the increase in states banning capital punishment?

The U.S. has been trending away from the death penalty for about 20 years: fewer death sentences, fewer executions, more states abolishing capital punishment. No state abolished the death penalty between 1985 and 2006, but 9 states abolished from 2007 to 2020. The general decline of the death penalty has been caused by several factors.ÌýWe are now aware that innocent defendants are sent to death row and even executed (since the 1970's, 167 defendants have been sent to death row but later exonerated).ÌýPeople are also concerned about racial disparities in capital punishment.ÌýCost is an increasing concern too.ÌýAnd religion plays a key role, as the catholic church is now unequivocally opposed to the death penalty (about 25% of Americans are catholic).ÌýIt is important to note that some conservatives have turned against the death penalty.ÌýGeorge Will, the prominent conservative columnist, has made the conservative case against the death penalty.ÌýAnd three republicans co-sponsored the current Colorado abolition bill.ÌýDemocrats could not abolish the death penalty in Colorado — assuming that happens in the next few weeks — without some help from republicans.Ìý Ìý

Your research onÌýcapital punishment in Colorado was done in collaboration with Sam Kamin and Justin Marceau from the Sturm College of Law. What did your work uncover as the primary reason why lawmakers should abolish the death penalty?

The Colorado death penalty is imposed arbitrarily.ÌýThe term arbitrary means that something other than the culpability of the defendant is driving death sentences.ÌýSome have used the term arbitrary to suggest that death sentences are imposed randomly.ÌýOf the many defendants who are eligible for death, only a tiny fraction are actually sentenced to death.ÌýSupreme Court justices have used metaphors of lightning strikes and lotteries to describe the seemingly random imposition of death.ÌýBut the term arbitrariness has also been used to suggest that inappropriate factors drive death sentencing, such as race (suggesting that death sentences are not random, but instead patterned).ÌýWe found evidence of both forms of arbitrariness in Colorado.ÌýFocusing on the period from 1999 to 2015, we found that about 800 defendants were death-eligible in Colorado. Prosecutors sought death against 27 defendants and 3 defendants ended up on death row.ÌýThose 3 are all African-American and indeed all went to the same high school.ÌýWe also examined the prosecutor's decision to seek death.ÌýWe found that prosecutors sought death against 10% of minority defendants in the 18th Judicial District, compared to 1.5% of white defendants across the rest of the state.ÌýBasically, prosecutors were about 7 times more likely to seek death against minority defendants in the 18th Judicial District — meaning race and geography both matter.ÌýMoving beyond arbitrariness, executing an innocent person is not out of the question. In 1939, Colorado executed Joe Arridy.ÌýIn 2009, Governor Bill Ritter posthumously pardoned Arridy who was almost certainly innocent.ÌýThe modern exoneration of Tim Masters also shows how wrong we can be (and the state likely would have sought death against Masters if he had been old enough to get the death penalty).

Whether it’s the case involving Nathan Dunlap (on death row for killing four people at Chuck E. Cheese's) or James Holmes (who avoided the death penalty for the Aurora theater shooting), why shouldn't prosecutors have the option to seek the death penalty in the most serious of cases?

The Colorado death penalty is expansive — almost every person who commits murder is eligible for death.ÌýProsecutors have the discretion to seek death in almost any case.ÌýThe product of that discretion is troubling, as described above.ÌýIt's very hard to explain why Dunlap, Robert Ray (ordered the murders of Javad Marshall-Fields and Vivian Wolfe) and Mario Owens (carried out the murders of Marshall-Fields and Wolfe) are on death row but James Holmes and Chris Watts (admitted to killing his pregnant wife and 2 daughters) are not.ÌýThat result strikes many people as arbitrary.ÌýThe Watts’ case is especially curious, as prosecutors did not seek death despite the fact Watts killed his wife and kids.ÌýProsecutors would say that the victim's family didn't want the death penalty, but that's a hard argument to sustain.ÌýThere are cases where the victim's family did not want death but the prosecutor sought death, and cases where the victim's family did want death but the prosecutor did not seek death.

What is the biggest argument in America for continuing to support the death penalty?

The crimes are truly awful and the human desire for retribution is understandable.ÌýBut retribution is not justice if the death penalty is imposed arbitrarily.

Do you believe as a country we are moving closer to possibly eliminating the death penalty?

Yes and no.ÌýStates are abolishing one by one, but there are probably not five Supreme Court Justices who would currently rule the death penalty unconstitutional.ÌýSo, abolition is incremental at the state level.ÌýTaking the broader view, the world has been moving away from the death penalty for centuries.ÌýSo, nationwide abolition seems likely in the long-run.